Websoft Pk - We share what we learn

How to calculate the sum Product in MS Excel

To calculate the sum of the products of corresponding numbers in one or more ranges, use <strong>Excel's powerful SUMPRODUCT function</strong>.<br />

1. For example, the SUMPRODUCT function below calculates the total amount spent.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/sumproduct/sumproduct-function.png" /> </div>
Note: the SUMPRODUCT function performs this calculation: (2 * 1000) + (4 * 250) + (4 * 100) + (2 * 50) = 3500.<br />

2. The ranges must have the same dimensions or Excel will display the #VALUE! error.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/sumproduct/ranges-of-unequal-size.png" /> </div>
3. The SUMPRODUCT function treats any entries that are not numeric as if they were zeros.<br />

How to calculate the sum Product in MS Excel

To calculate the sum of the products of corresponding numbers in one or more ranges, use Excel's powerful SUMPRODUCT function . ...

How to Copy Exact formula in Excel

When you copy a formula, <strong>Excel</strong> automatically adjusts the cell references for each new cell the formula is copied to.<br />

For example, cell A3 below contains a formula which adds the value of cell A2 to the value of cell A1.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/copy-exact-formula/formula.png" /></div>
 When you copy this formula to cell B3 (select cell A3, press CTRL + c, 
select cell B3, press CTRL + v), the formula will automatically 
reference the values in column B.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/copy-exact-formula/cell-references-change.png" /> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
f you don't want this but instead want to <strong>copy</strong> the <strong>exact formula</strong> (without changing the cell references), execute the following easy steps.
</div>
1. Click in the formula bar and select the formula.<br />

2. Press CTRL + c, and press Enter.<br />

3. Select cell B3 and click in the formula bar again.<br />

4. Press CTRL + v, and press Enter.<br />

Result:<br />

Both cell A3 and cell B3 contain the exact same formula now.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>

How to Copy Exact formula in Excel

When you copy a formula, Excel automatically adjusts the cell references for each new cell the formula is copied to. For example, ce...

How to Play with DateDif formula in Ms Excel

To get the number of days, weeks or years between two dates, use the <strong>DATEDIF function</strong>. The DATEDIF function has three arguments.<br />

1. Fill in "d" for the third argument to get the number of days between two dates.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/datedif/days.png" /> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Note: =A2-A1 produces the exact same result!<br />

2. Fill in "m" for the third argument to get the number of months between two dates.<br />

3. Fill in "y" for the third argument to get the number of years between two dates.<br />

4. Fill in "yd" for the third argument to ignore years and get the number of days between two dates.<br />

5. Fill in "md" for the third argument to ignore months and get the number of days between two dates.<br />

6. Fill in "ym" for the third argument to ignore years and get the number of months between two dates.<br />

Important note: the DATEDIF function returns the number of <u>complete</u>
 days, months or years. This may give unexpected results when the 
day/month number of the second date is lower than the day/month number 
of the first date. See the example below.<br />

The difference is 6 years. Almost 7 years! Use the following formula to return 7 years.<br />

How to Play with DateDif formula in Ms Excel

To get the number of days, weeks or years between two dates, use the DATEDIF function . The DATEDIF function has three arguments. ...

Uses of Rand andRandbetween formula in Ms Excel

Excel has two useful functions when it comes to creating <strong>random numbers</strong>. The <strong>RAND</strong> and <strong>RANDBETWEEN</strong> function.<br />

<h3>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="rand" name="rand"></a>Rand</h3>
The RAND function creates a random decimal number between 0 and 1.<br />

1. Select cell A1.<br />

2. Type RAND() and press Enter. The RAND function takes no arguments<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/random-numbers/rand-function.png" /> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
3. To create a list of random numbers, select cell A1, click on the lower right corner of cell A1 and drag it down.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/random-numbers/list-of-random-numbers.png" /> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Note that cell A1 has changed. That is because random numbers change every time a cell on the sheet is calculated.<br />

4. If you don't want this,  simply copy the random numbers and paste them as values.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/random-numbers/paste-as-values.png" /> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
5. Select cell C1 and look at the formula bar. This cell holds a value now and not the RAND function.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/random-numbers/values.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/random-numbers/values.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
 </div>
<br />
<h3>
Randbetween</h3>
The RANDBETWEEN function returns a random whole number between two boundaries.<br />

1. Select cell A1.<br />

2. Type RANDBETWEEN(50,75) and press Enter.<br />

<img alt="Randbetween function" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/random-numbers/randbetween-function.png" title="Randbetween function" /><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
3. If you want to create random decimal numbers between 50 and 75, modify the RAND function as follows:<br />

Uses of Rand andRandbetween formula in Ms Excel

Excel has two useful functions when it comes to creating random numbers . The RAND and RANDBETWEEN function. Rand The RAND function cr...

How to change negative number into zero using Max formula in Ms Excel

A clever <b>Excel</b> trick to change <b>negative numbers to zero</b> but leave positive numbers unchanged.<br />
Below you can find two columns with numbers. To subtract the 
numbers in column B from the numbers in column A, execute the following 
steps.<br />
1. Select cell C1.<br />
2. Enter the formula =A1-B1<br />
3. Click the lower right corner of cell C1 and drag the formula down.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/negative-numbers-to-zero/negative-numbers-to-zero-example.png" /> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Result:</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/negative-numbers-to-zero/negative-numbers.png" width="316" /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
4. To change the negative numbers to zero but leave the positive 
numbers unchanged, instead of =A1-B1, use =MAX(0,A1-B1) and drag the 
function down.<br />
Result:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/negative-numbers-to-zero/negative-numbers-to-zero-result.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/negative-numbers-to-zero/negative-numbers-to-zero-result.png" width="316" /></a></div>

How to change negative number into zero using Max formula in Ms Excel

A clever Excel trick to change negative numbers to zero but leave positive numbers unchanged. Below you can find two columns with numbers...

Researchers Create World’s Fastest Organic Transistor

<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_27304" style="background-color: #f8f8f4; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin: 10px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 1px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 554px;">
<img alt="Engineers Make Worlds Fastest Organic Transistor" class="size-full wp-image-27304" height="300" src="http://scitechdaily.com/images/Engineers-Make-Worlds-Fastest-Organic-Transistor.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="544" /><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Transparent transistors on this postage-stamp size glass have speed characteristics rivaling some forms of silicon transistors. The device used a new process to make this world record-setting organic transistor, paving the way for a new generation of cheap, transparent electronic devices. (Jinsong Huang and Yongbo Yuan, University of Nebraska-Lincoln)</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A team of researchers has created the world’s fastest thin-film organic transistor, operating at more than five times faster than previous examples.</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Two university research teams have worked together to produce the world’s fastest thin-film organic transistors, proving that this experimental technology has the potential to achieve the performance needed for high-resolution television screens and similar electronic devices.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
For years engineers the world over have been trying to use inexpensive, carbon-rich molecules and plastics to create organic semiconductors capable of performing electronic operations at something approaching the speed of costlier technologies based on silicon. The term “organic” was originally confined to compounds produced by living organisms but now extended to include synthetic substances based on carbons and includes plastics.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
In the January 8 edition of Nature Communications, engineers from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) and Stanford University show how they created thin-film organic transistors that could operate more than five times faster than previous examples of this experimental technology. Some of the work was performed by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory researchers at the lab’s Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The research teams were led by Zhenan Bao, professor of chemical engineering at Stanford and member of the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, which is run jointly with SLAC; and Jinsong Huang, assistant professor of mechanical and materials engineering at UNL. They used their new process to make organic thin-film transistors with electronic characteristics comparable to those found in expensive, curved-screen television displays based on a form of silicon technology.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
They achieved their speed boost by altering the basic process for making thin-film organic transistors.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Typically, researchers drop a special solution, containing carbon-rich molecules and a complementary plastic, onto a spinning platter – in this case, one made of glass. The spinning action deposits a thin coating of the materials over the platter.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
In their Nature Communications paper, the collaborators describe two important changes to this basic process.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
First they spun the platter faster. Second they only coated a tiny portion of the spinning surface, equivalent to the size of a postage stamp.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
These innovations had the effect of depositing a denser concentration of the organic molecules into a more regular alignment. The result was a great improvement in carrier mobility, which measures how quickly electrical charges travel through the transistor.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The researchers called this improved method “off-center spin coating.” The process remains experimental, and the engineers cannot yet precisely control the alignment of organic materials in their transistors or achieve uniform carrier mobility.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Even at this stage, off-center spin coating produced transistors with a range of speeds much faster than those of previous organic semiconductors and comparable to the performance of the polysilicon materials used in today’s high-end electronics.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Further improvements to this experimental process could lead to the development of inexpensive, high-performance electronics built on transparent substrates such as glass and, eventually, clear and flexible plastics.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Already, the researchers have shown that they can create high-performance organic electronics that are 90 percent transparent to the naked eye.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Other key members of the research teams included Yongbo Yuan, a postdoctoral associate at UNL’s Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, Gaurav Giri, a graduate student in chemical engineering at Stanford and Alex Ayzner, a postdoctoral researcher at SSRL. SSRL’s Stefan Mannsfeld, Dennis Nordlund and Michael Toney also contributed to the research.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The work was funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the National Science Foundation.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
This article originally appeared on the Stanford School of Engineering website. Tom Abate is a science writer and Associate Director of Communications at Stanford Engineering. Carole Wilbeck of the UNL College of Engineering also contributed to this report.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Publication</strong>: Yongbo Yuan, et al., “Ultra-high mobility transparent organic thin film transistors grown by an off-centre spin-coating method,” Nature Communications 5, Article number: 3005; doi:10.1038/ncomms4005</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Source: Tom Abate, Stanford Engineering; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Image: Jinsong Huang and Yongbo Yuan, University of Nebraska-Lincoln</div>

Researchers Create World’s Fastest Organic Transistor

Transparent transistors on this postage-stamp size glass have speed characteristics rivaling some forms of silicon transistors. The devic...

New System Converts Sun’s Energy into Hydrogen Fuel

<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A new system designed by researchers at UNC and NC State converts the sun’s energy into hydrogen fuel and stores it for later use.</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Solar energy has long been used as a clean alternative to fossil fuels such as coal and oil, but it could only be harnessed during the day when the sun’s rays were strongest. Now researchers led by Tom Meyer at the Energy Frontier Research Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have built a system that converts the sun’s energy not into electricity but hydrogen fuel and stores it for later use, allowing us to power our devices long after the sun goes down.</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://scitechdaily.com/images/Researchers-Develop-New-System-that-Converts-the-Suns-Energy-into-Hydrogen-Fuel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://scitechdaily.com/images/Researchers-Develop-New-System-that-Converts-the-Suns-Energy-into-Hydrogen-Fuel.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f4; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">Tom Meyer at the Energy Frontier Research Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill built a device that converts the sun’s energy not into electricity but hydrogen fuel and stores it for later use. The device, a dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell generates hydrogen fuel by using the sun’s energy to split water into its component parts. After the split, hydrogen is sequestered and stored, while the byproduct, oxygen, is released into the air.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“So called ‘solar fuels’ like hydrogen offer a solution to how to store energy for nighttime use by taking a cue from natural photosynthesis,” said Meyer, Arey Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at UNC’s College of Arts and Sciences. “Our new findings may provide a last major piece of a puzzle for a new way to store the sun’s energy – it could be a tipping point for a solar energy future.”</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
In one hour, the sun puts out enough energy to power every vehicle, factory and device on the planet for an entire year. Solar panels can harness that energy to generate electricity during the day. But the problem with the sun is that it goes down at night—and with it the ability to power our homes and cars. If solar energy is going to have a shot at being a clean source for powering the planet, scientists had to figure out how to store it for night-time use.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The new system designed by Meyer and colleagues at UNC and with Greg Parsons’ group at North Carolina State University does exactly that. It is known as a dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell, or DSPEC, and it generates hydrogen fuel by using the sun’s energy to split water into its component parts. After the split, hydrogen is sequestered and stored, while the byproduct, oxygen, is released into the air.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“But splitting water is extremely difficult to do,” said Meyer. “You need to take four electrons away from two water molecules, transfer them somewhere else, and make hydrogen, and, once you have done that, keep the hydrogen and oxygen separated. How to design molecules capable of doing that is a really big challenge that we’ve begun to overcome.”</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Meyer had been investigating DSPECs for years at the Energy Frontier Research Center at UNC and before. His design has two basic components: a molecule and a nanoparticle. The molecule, called a chromophore-catalyst assembly, absorbs sunlight and then kick starts the catalyst to rip electrons away from water. The nanoparticle, to which thousands of chromophore-catalyst assemblies are tethered, is part of a film of nanoparticles that shuttles the electrons away to make the hydrogen fuel.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
However, even with the best of attempts, the system always crashed because either the chromophore-catalyst assembly kept breaking away from the nanoparticles or because the electrons couldn’t be shuttled away quickly enough to make hydrogen.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
To solve both of these problems, Meyer turned to the Parsons group to use a technique that coated the nanoparticle, atom by atom, with a thin layer of a material called titanium dioxide. By using ultra-thin layers, the researchers found that the nanoparticle could carry away electrons far more rapidly than before, with the freed electrons available to make hydrogen. They also figured out how to build a protective coating that keeps the chromophore-catalyst assembly tethered firmly to the nanoparticle, ensuring that the assembly stayed on the surface.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
With electrons flowing freely through the nanoparticle and the tether stabilized, Meyer’s new system can turn the sun’s energy into fuel while needing almost no external power to operate and releasing no greenhouse gases. What’s more, the infrastructure to install these sunlight-to-fuel converters is in sight based on existing technology. A next target is to use the same approach to reduce carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, to a carbon-based fuel such as formate or methanol.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“When you talk about powering a planet with energy stored in batteries, it’s just not practical,” said Meyer. “It turns out that the most energy dense way to store energy is in the chemical bonds of molecules. And that’s what we did – we found an answer through chemistry.”</div>

New System Converts Sun’s Energy into Hydrogen Fuel

A new system designed by researchers at UNC and NC State converts the sun’s energy into hydrogen fuel and stores it for later use. Solar ...