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New System Converts Sun’s Energy into Hydrogen Fuel

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<em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A new system designed by researchers at UNC and NC State converts the sun’s energy into hydrogen fuel and stores it for later use.</em></div>
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Solar energy has long been used as a clean alternative to fossil fuels such as coal and oil, but it could only be harnessed during the day when the sun’s rays were strongest. Now researchers led by Tom Meyer at the Energy Frontier Research Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have built a system that converts the sun’s energy not into electricity but hydrogen fuel and stores it for later use, allowing us to power our devices long after the sun goes down.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://scitechdaily.com/images/Researchers-Develop-New-System-that-Converts-the-Suns-Energy-into-Hydrogen-Fuel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://scitechdaily.com/images/Researchers-Develop-New-System-that-Converts-the-Suns-Energy-into-Hydrogen-Fuel.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f8f8f4; color: #444444; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">Tom Meyer at the Energy Frontier Research Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill built a device that converts the sun’s energy not into electricity but hydrogen fuel and stores it for later use. The device, a dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell generates hydrogen fuel by using the sun’s energy to split water into its component parts. After the split, hydrogen is sequestered and stored, while the byproduct, oxygen, is released into the air.</span></td></tr>
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“So called ‘solar fuels’ like hydrogen offer a solution to how to store energy for nighttime use by taking a cue from natural photosynthesis,” said Meyer, Arey Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at UNC’s College of Arts and Sciences. “Our new findings may provide a last major piece of a puzzle for a new way to store the sun’s energy – it could be a tipping point for a solar energy future.”</div>
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In one hour, the sun puts out enough energy to power every vehicle, factory and device on the planet for an entire year. Solar panels can harness that energy to generate electricity during the day. But the problem with the sun is that it goes down at night—and with it the ability to power our homes and cars. If solar energy is going to have a shot at being a clean source for powering the planet, scientists had to figure out how to store it for night-time use.</div>
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The new system designed by Meyer and colleagues at UNC and with Greg Parsons’ group at North Carolina State University does exactly that. It is known as a dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell, or DSPEC, and it generates hydrogen fuel by using the sun’s energy to split water into its component parts. After the split, hydrogen is sequestered and stored, while the byproduct, oxygen, is released into the air.</div>
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“But splitting water is extremely difficult to do,” said Meyer. “You need to take four electrons away from two water molecules, transfer them somewhere else, and make hydrogen, and, once you have done that, keep the hydrogen and oxygen separated. How to design molecules capable of doing that is a really big challenge that we’ve begun to overcome.”</div>
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Meyer had been investigating DSPECs for years at the Energy Frontier Research Center at UNC and before. His design has two basic components: a molecule and a nanoparticle. The molecule, called a chromophore-catalyst assembly, absorbs sunlight and then kick starts the catalyst to rip electrons away from water. The nanoparticle, to which thousands of chromophore-catalyst assemblies are tethered, is part of a film of nanoparticles that shuttles the electrons away to make the hydrogen fuel.</div>
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However, even with the best of attempts, the system always crashed because either the chromophore-catalyst assembly kept breaking away from the nanoparticles or because the electrons couldn’t be shuttled away quickly enough to make hydrogen.</div>
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To solve both of these problems, Meyer turned to the Parsons group to use a technique that coated the nanoparticle, atom by atom, with a thin layer of a material called titanium dioxide. By using ultra-thin layers, the researchers found that the nanoparticle could carry away electrons far more rapidly than before, with the freed electrons available to make hydrogen. They also figured out how to build a protective coating that keeps the chromophore-catalyst assembly tethered firmly to the nanoparticle, ensuring that the assembly stayed on the surface.</div>
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With electrons flowing freely through the nanoparticle and the tether stabilized, Meyer’s new system can turn the sun’s energy into fuel while needing almost no external power to operate and releasing no greenhouse gases. What’s more, the infrastructure to install these sunlight-to-fuel converters is in sight based on existing technology. A next target is to use the same approach to reduce carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, to a carbon-based fuel such as formate or methanol.</div>
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“When you talk about powering a planet with energy stored in batteries, it’s just not practical,” said Meyer. “It turns out that the most energy dense way to store energy is in the chemical bonds of molecules. And that’s what we did – we found an answer through chemistry.”</div>

New System Converts Sun’s Energy into Hydrogen Fuel

A new system designed by researchers at UNC and NC State converts the sun’s energy into hydrogen fuel and stores it for later use. Solar ...

How to make a Time Sheet in Excel

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This example teaches you how to create a simple timesheet calculator in Excel. Cells that contain formulas are colored light yellow. If you are in a hurry, simply download the Excel file.</div>
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1. To automatically calculate the next 4 days and dates when you enter a start date, use the formulas below.</div>
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<img alt="Date Formulas" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/time-sheet/date-formulas.png" title="Date Formulas" /></div>
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2. Select the cells containing the times.</div>
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<img alt="Select Time Cells" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/time-sheet/select-time-cells.png" title="Select Time Cells" /></div>
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3. Right click, click Format Cells, and select the right Time format. Use the circled format for cell K12, K13, K14.</div>
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<img alt="Time Format" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/time-sheet/time-format.png" title="Time Format" /></div>
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4. To automatically calculate the hours worked each day, the total hours and the overtime hours, use the formulas below.</div>
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<img alt="Time Formulas" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/time-sheet/time-formulas.png" title="Time Formulas" /></div>

How to make a Time Sheet in Excel

This example teaches you how to create a simple timesheet calculator in Excel. Cells that contain formulas are colored light yellow. If you...

How to Calculate the Days of the Year in Excel

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An easy formula that returns the day of the year for a given date. There's no built-in function in Excel that can do this.</div>
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1. Enter the formula shown below.</div>
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<img alt="Day of the Year in Excel" height="110" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/day-of-the-year/day-of-the-year.png" title="Day of the Year in Excel" width="604" /></div>
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Explanation: Dates and times are stored as numbers in Excel and count the number of days since January 0, 1900. June 23, 2012 is the same as 41083. The DATE function accepts three arguments: year, month and day. DATE(YEAR(A1),1,1) or 1-jan-2012 is the same as 40909. Subtracting these numbers (41083 - 40909 = 174) and adding 1 gives the day of the year.</div>

How to Calculate the Days of the Year in Excel

An easy formula that returns the day of the year for a given date. There's no built-in function in Excel that can do this. 1. Enter t...

How to Count Blank/Nonblank Cells in Excel

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This example shows you how to count the number of blank and nonblank cells in Excel.</div>
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1. The COUNTBLANK function counts the number of blank cells.</div>
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<img alt="CountBlank Function in Excel" height="270" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/count-blank-nonblank-cells/countblank-function.png" title="CountBlank Function in Excel" width="476" /></div>
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2. The COUNTA function counts the number of nonblank cells. COUNTA stands for count all.</div>
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<img alt="CountA Function in Excel" height="270" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/count-blank-nonblank-cells/counta-function.png" title="CountA Function in Excel" width="476" /></div>

How to Count Blank/Nonblank Cells in Excel

This example shows you how to count the number of blank and nonblank cells in Excel. 1. The COUNTBLANK function counts the number of blan...

How to Sum onle the Largest Numbers in Excel

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This example shows you how to create an array formula that sums the largest numbers in a range.</div>
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1. We use the LARGE function. For example, to find the second to largest number, use the following function.</div>
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<img alt="Large Function" height="310" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/sum-largest-numbers/large-function.png" title="Large Function" width="410" /></div>
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2. To sum the 4 largest numbers (don't be overwhelmed), add the SUM function and replace 2 with {1,2,3,4}.</div>
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<img alt="Array Formula" height="310" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/sum-largest-numbers/array-formula.png" title="Array Formula" width="410" /></div>
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3. Finish by pressing CTRL + SHIFT + ENTER.</div>
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<img alt="Sum Largest Numbers Result" height="310" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/sum-largest-numbers/sum-largest-numbers-result.png" title="Sum Largest Numbers Result" width="409" /></div>
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Note: The formula bar indicates that this is an array formula by enclosing it in curly braces {}. Do not type these yourself. They will disappear when you edit the formula.</div>
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Explanation: The range (array constant) created by the LARGE function is stored in Excel's memory, not in an range. The array constant looks as follows.</div>
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{22,10,8,6}</div>
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This array constant is used as an argument for the SUM function, giving a result of 46.</div>

How to Sum onle the Largest Numbers in Excel

This example shows you how to create an array formula that sums the largest numbers in a range. 1. We use the LARGE function. For example...

How to Sum Every nth Row in Excel

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This example shows you how to create an array formula that sums every nth row in Excel. We will show it for n = 3, but you can do this for any number.</div>
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1. The ROW function returns the row number of a cell.</div>
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<img alt="Row Function in Excel" height="270" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/sum-every-nth-row/row-function.png" title="Row Function in Excel" width="604" /></div>
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2. The MOD function gives the remainder of a division. For example, for the first row, MOD(1,3) equals 1. 1 is divided by 3 (0 times) to give a remainder of 1. For the third row, MOD(3,3) equals 0. 3 is divided by 3 (exactly 1 time) to give a remainder of 0. As a result, the formula returns 0 for every 3th row.</div>
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<img alt="Mod Function" height="270" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/sum-every-nth-row/mod-function.png" title="Mod Function" width="604" /></div>
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Note: change the 3 to 4 to sum every 4th row, to 5 to sum every 5th row, etc.</div>
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3. Slightly change the formula as shown below.</div>
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<img alt="TRUE or FALSE" height="270" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/sum-every-nth-row/true-false.png" title="TRUE or FALSE" width="604" /></div>
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4. To get the sum of the product of these two ranges (FALSE=0, TRUE=1), use the SUM function and finish by pressing CTRL + SHIFT + ENTER.</div>
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<img alt="Sum Every nth Row Result" height="290" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/sum-every-nth-row/sum-every-nth-row-result.png" title="Sum Every nth Row Result" width="604" /></div>
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Note: The formula bar indicates that this is an array formula by enclosing it in curly braces {}. Do not type these yourself. They will disappear when you edit the formula.</div>
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Explanation: The product of these two ranges (array constant) is stored in Excel's memory, not in an range. The array constant looks as follows.</div>
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{0;0;5;0;0;66;0;0;21}</div>
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This array constant is used as an argument for the SUM function, giving a result of 92.</div>

How to Sum Every nth Row in Excel

This example shows you how to create an array formula that sums every nth row in Excel. We will show it for n = 3, but you can do this for ...

how to Separate Strings in Ms Excel

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This example teaches you how to separate strings in Excel.</div>
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<img alt="Separate Strings Example" height="230" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/separate-strings/separate-strings-example.png" title="Separate Strings Example" width="420" /></div>
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The problem we are dealing with is that we need to tell Excel where we want to separate the string. In case of Smith, Mike the comma is at position 6 while in case of Williams, Janet the comma is at position 9.</div>
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1. To get the first name, use the formula below.</div>
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<img alt="First Name" height="230" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/separate-strings/first-name.png" title="First Name" width="420" /></div>
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Explanation: to find the position of the comma, use the FIND function (position 6). To get the length of a string, use the LEN function (11 characters). =RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-FIND(",",A2)-1) reduces to =RIGHT(A2,11-6-1). =RIGHT(A2,4) extracts the 4 rightmost characters and gives the desired result (Mike).</div>
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2. To get the last name, use the following formula.</div>
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<img alt="Last Name" height="230" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/separate-strings/last-name.png" title="Last Name" width="420" /></div>
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Explanation: to find the position of the comma, use the FIND function (position 6). =LEFT(A2,FIND(",", A2)-1) reduces to =LEFT(A2,6-1). =LEFT(A2,5) extracts the 5 leftmost characters and gives the desired result (Smith).</div>
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3. Select the range B2:C2 and drag it down.</div>
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<img alt="Separate Strings Result" height="230" src="http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/images/separate-strings/separate-strings-result.png" title="Separate Strings Result" width="420" /></div>

how to Separate Strings in Ms Excel

This example teaches you how to separate strings in Excel. The problem we are dealing with is that we need to tell Excel where we want ...